Elemental Cost analysis

- Used for similar previous project as basic for estimated - The cost is completed on a superficial or floor area basis but the overall superficial unit costs is broken down into elements and sub-elements - It is possible to make cost adjustment for variations in design in new projects as compare with previous scheme . - Necessary to updatae the cost to take into account of increased cost which occurred sinder tender date for the cost analysis is available .

S. H

*Storey height of the building are determined by the client requirement * The construction items that may influence by the variantion in storey height will be : - Longer waste pipe and cables - Higher construction cost for wall paritions - Longer waste pipes for sanitary appliances - More costly foundation to support the increased load . - More cost to construct the staircase and lift - Larger volume for the air-conditioning services -Higher cost for construction of roof due to hoisting

Storey Height

- Storey height of the building are determied by the client requirement - The construction items that will affected by the variation in storey height would be : * Walls , partitions , and associated finishing work * Longer waste of pipes for sanitary appliances * Higher construction cost of roof due to hoisting * Longer waste for pipes and cables * Increase volume for air-conditioning * More costly foundation to support the increased load . * Increase cost for construction for staircase and lift

Storey height

- The storey height of building are determined by the clients requirements - The construction items that are affected by the variations in storey height would be : *Longer length for pipes or cables * Higher construction cost for roof due to hoisting * Increase cost of constructing staircase and lift * More costly foundation due to increased load * Wall , partitions and their associated finishing work * Increase volume to be air - conditioning * longer waste pipes to sanitary appliances

C. S

- An economical layout will have a main aims to reduce in circulation space because : * Circulation area such as entrance , lift lobby , staircase and corridor etc cannot use for profitable purpose . - The percentage allocated of circulation space vary in type of building : * office 23 %

Circulation space

-An economical layout will have one of its main aim to reduce the circulation space because : * circulation space such as corridor , lift lobby , entrance and staircase etc cannot use as profitable purpose . * The proportion of floor space allocated to circulation space vary between the types of building . * office 23 %

Circulation space

- An economical layout will have a main aim of reduce in circulation space because : * circulation space such as lift lobby , entrance , staircase , and corridor etc cannot used for profitable purpose . - The proportion of floor space allocated to circulation purpose vary between different types of building .

wall / floor ratio

- wall/ floor area ratio is calculate by dividing of external wall area ( inclusive window and door ) by gross floor area . - Wall/ floor area ratio expressing the planning efficnecy of building and influenced by shape , and storey height of building . - The lower wall / floor are ratio the more economical will be the proposal - The best floor / wall ratio is produced a circular building but the cost is offset by a higher circular work .

Wall / floor area ratio

- Wall / floor area ratio expressing the planning effiency of a building and influnced by size , plan shape and storey height of the building . - Ratio is calculated by diving the external wall are ( inclusive door and window ) by gross floor area . - The lower the wall . floor area ratio , the more economical will be the proposal . - The best wall / floor area ratio is produced by circular building but the cost is offset by a higher circular work .

Wall / floor area ratio

- Wall / floor area ratio mean of expressing the planning efficiency of a building and influenced by the plan shape , size .and storey height - Ratio is calculate by dividing the external wall area by gross floor area . - The lower the wall / floor area ratio the more economical will be the proposal - The best wall / floor area ratio is produced by a circular building

Size of building

*Larger project is less costly to built as wall / floor area reduce . * Advantage of building will be accure due to lift serving a large space of plan and number of occupant will increase with plan size . *General rule is cost does not rise proportionaly with increase the size of building because : - Fixed cost such as : temporary road , temporary supply of water , temporary material storage does not increase with extension of building .

Size of building

* The larger the project ,the less costly to build as wall / floor area reduces . * Cost advantage of high-rise building may accure due to lift serving a large floor area and greater number of occupant with increase plan area . * General rule is increases in size of building will produce reductions in unit costs * Cost do not rise proportionaly with increase in plan size of a building because : - Fixed costs .i.e. temporary water supply , temporary storage of material , transport does not rise with increase size of building .

Shape of the building

* General rule is the simpler the shape of the building , the lower will be the unit cost . * When building becomes more complicated , the perimeter / floor area ratio will increase accompanied with a higher unit cost . * Rectagular shape building is more expensive than square one because of smaller perimerter / floor area ratio

Factor of reliability of cost information and practical limitation .

- Main sources of cost data are obtain from the contractor price which is subject to consideration variables * From contractor to contractor * Project to project * District to district * Over a period of time * Lack of concidence between the unit production cost and unit design cost account * Difficult of predicting operational times , regional different and etc . * Additional cost due to specific design , abnormal requirement are forecasting stage . * Factor of consideration -Type of contract -Project location -Size of project - Availability of labour -Stability of material prices -Whether fixed price tender - Method of pricing - Special requirement as to speed * Must interpret the cost appropriate before use . * Cost information used by QS obtained from price BQ and is advisable to use average price rather than lowest . * Prices different in billes rate are not necessary due to mistakes in estimating . * * Unit cost is made up of standard of within determinable parameter

Factor of reliability of cost implication and practical limitation

- Main source cost data are obtain from contractor prices which is subject to consideration variable * from contractor to contractor * Project to project * district to district * Over a period of time * Lack of concidence between the unit of productioc cost and unit of design cost account . * Skilled judgement is neccessary when extracting the cost data from price BQ * Cost information used by the QS is advisable to use average price rather than the lowest * Additional cost due to specific design and abnormal requirement are in forecasting stage * Difficult of predicting operatinal cost , and regional different ,etc * Unit cost is made up of standard cost within determinable parameter . * Factor of consideration : - Type of project - Size of project - Location of project - Stability of material - Availability of labour - Fixed price tender - Method of pricing preliminaries - Climate of the industry * Necessary to know the condition of the prices - Price different in billes rate are not neccessary due to mistake

Reliability of Cost Information

- Main Cost imformation is obtain from the contractors prices which is subjected to consideration variables : * From Contactor to contractor * Project to project * District to district * Over a period of time - Must interpret the cost in appropriate context before use - Necessary to know condition surrounding the prices Factors for consideration * Size of project * Climate of industry * Stability of material prices * Availability of labour and material * Whether fixed price ender * special requirements as to speed * Method of pricing preliminaries * Location of project * Type of contract - Cost information used by Qs is obtained from price BQ and it is advisable to use average prices rather than lowest tender . - Skilled judgement is necessary when extracting and using cost information - Lack of coincidence between the unit of production cost and design cost account - Prices different in bills rates are not neccessary due to mistake s in estimating - Dicculty of predicting the operational times , and regional difference and etc . - Unit cost is made up by standard cost within determine parameter - Additional cost due to specific design and abnormal requirement are in forecasting stage .